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中国管理科学

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基于不确定需求的货位分配策略

邓旭东1,黎婷2,马云峰3,杨习杰2   

  1. 1. 武汉科技大学管理学院
    2. 武汉科技大学恒大管理学院
    3. 武汉科技大学
  • 收稿日期:2022-04-19 修回日期:2022-08-01 发布日期:2022-09-02
  • 通讯作者: 马云峰

Allocation strategy based on uncertain demand

  • Received:2022-04-19 Revised:2022-08-01 Published:2022-09-02

摘要： 货位分配和货品拣选是仓库管理的两个重要方面，合理的货位分配策略能有效提高货品的拣选效率，节约仓储成本。常用的ABC货位分配策略将货物按品种和周转率进行分区分类。然而，在需求不确定下，考虑到安全库存的需要，单种货品在补货周期内有少部分货物的拣选为小概率事件，ABC货位分配策略会使得总周转频率高的货品这部分货物同样占据着距离I/O点较近货位，其周转频率低，从而导致了总拣货距离的增加。为此，提出了一种基于不确定需求的货位分配策略，该策略通过考虑单种货品不同数量货物需求概率的不同，以需求概率进行分区，将同种货品进行拆分存放，使其分布在不同分区。各类货品的小概率需求部分会被存放在远离I/O点的货位，以此提高靠近I/O点货位的总需求概率，从而使存储和拣货过程更高效。首先，以平均单向拣货距离为优化目标，推导了考虑需求不确定的货品总周转率和距离表达式。其次，通过数值实验将本文提出的策略同传统ABC货位分配策略进行拣货距离对比。实验发现，在不同需求曲线、标准差、服务水平下，基于需求概率分区分配的存储策略均在不同程度上优于传统ABC货位分配策略；在20%货品贡献80%需求的ABC斜率曲线下，在不同的概率分区策略里，第一分区（最靠近I/O点的区域）内货品累积需求概率在20%左右时，总拣货距离均相对最短。

关键词: 货位分配, 需求不确定, 分区拣选, 存储策略

Abstract: Location allocation and goods picking are two important aspects of warehouse management. A reasonable location allocation strategy can effectively improve the efficiency of goods picking and save storage costs. The commonly used ABC location allocation strategy classifies goods by category and turnover rate. However, when the demand is uncertain and considering the need of safety stock, the picking of a small part of goods in the replenishment cycle of a single kind of goods is a small probability event. The ABC location allocation strategy will make the goods with high total turnover frequency also occupy the location close to the I/O point, and its turnover frequency is low, resulting in the increase of the total picking distance. Therefore, a location allocation strategy based on uncertain demand is proposed. By considering the different demand probabilities of different quantities of single goods, the strategy divides the same goods into different zones according to the demand probability, and separates and stores the same goods in different zones. The small probability demand part of various goods will be stored in the location far away from the I/O point, so as to improve the total demand probability of the location close to the I/O point, so as to make the storage and picking process more efficient. Firstly, taking the average one-way picking distance as the optimization objective, the expressions of total turnover rate and distance considering demand uncertainty are derived. Secondly, the simultaneous interpreting algorithm is compared with the traditional ABC location allocation strategy. Experiments show that the storage strategy based on demand probability partition allocation is better than the traditional ABC location allocation strategy to varying degrees under different demand curves, standard deviations and service levels; Under the ABC slope curve of 20% goods contributing 80% demand, in different probability zoning strategies, when the cumulative demand probability of goods in the first partition (the area closest to the I/O point) is about 20%, the total picking distance is relatively shortest.

Key words: storage allocation, demand uncertainty, partition picking, storage strategy